Present Perfect

The Present Perfect is used to express actions that happened at an indefinite time or that began in the past and continue in the present. This tense is also used when an activity has an effect on the present moment.



Use

1. Actions which happened at an indefinite (unknown) time before now
   
2. Actions in the past which have an effect on the present moment
   
3. Actions which began in the past and continue in the present
   

 
USE 1: Indefinite (unknown) time before now


Use the Present Perfect to talk about actions that happened at some point in the past. It does not matter when exactly they happened.

Examples:

• I have already had a breakfast.
  
• He has been to England.
  

You should not use this tense with time expressions like "yesterday", "a week ago", "last year", etc.

Examples:

• I have seen it yesterday.
  
• We have gone to Paris last year
  

USE 2: Effect on the present moment


 
We also use this tense to when an activity has an effect on the present moment.

Examples:

• He has finished his work. (so he can now rest)
  
• I have already eaten the dinner. (so I'm not hungry)
  
• He has had a car accident. (that's why he is in the hospital)
  

USE 3: Continuation in the present


 
We often use the Present Perfect when we want to emphasize that an event continues in the present.

Examples:

• Mary has worked as a teacher for over 25 years.
  
• Patrick has achieved a lot in his life.
  
  
  
  
  
  Prepared by:
  Miss Ai_0952112

Present Simple Tense

The Present Simple is the most basic and common tense in the English language. It is also an interesting tense because it can express both the present and the future.

Use

1. Facts and generalization
   
2. Habits and routines
   
3. Permanent situations
   
4. State verbs (e.g. be, have, think, know)
   
5. Fixed / official arrangement that we can't change
   
6. Narrations (e.g. telling a story or a joke)
   

   
    

USE 1: Facts and Generalizations

 

The first and most important use of the Present Simple is to talk about things we believe are (or are not) true. It's also used to generalize about somebody or something. 

Examples:

• It is a big house.
  
• He talks a lot.
  
• Berlin is the capital city of Germany.
  
• Buenos Aires is a large city.
  
• The Elephant doesn't fly.
  
• Dogs don't smoke cigarettes.
  
• A dog is not large than an elephant
  
• London is the capital city of France. (Remember: the sentence doesn't have to be true)
  

 

Present Continuous Tense

Present Continuous

The Present Continuous is mainly used to express the idea that something is happening at the moment of speaking. Another use of the tense is to talk about what we are planning to do. There are also other uses, listed below.

Use

1. Present actions
   
2. Temporary actions
   
3. Longer actions in progress
   
4. Future (personal) arrangements and plans
   
5. Irritation over something or somebody in the present
   

 

USE 1: Present Actions

 

Use the Present Continuous tense to talk about actions happening at the moment of speaking. 

Examples:

• He is eating a dinner.
  
• Mary is talking with her friend.
  
• They are swimming.
  

 

USE 2: Temporary Actions

 

This tense is also used for activities continuing for only a limited period of time. 

Examples:

• I'm riding a bike to get to work because my car is broken. (It will soon be repaired)
  
• They are not talking with each other after the last argument. (They will soon make up)
  

USE 3: Longer Actions in Progress

 

We also use the Present Continuous when we are in a middle of doing something time-consuming (i.e. something that takes time to complete). An example of such an activity is writing a book, saving money or studying for an exam. 

Examples:

• They are working hard to earn money.
  
• I am training to become a professional footballer.
  
• Mike is studying hard to become a doctor.
  
• Elizabeth is currently writing a children's book titled I am the World.
  

Prepositions Of Time- At, In,On

We use:

• at for a PRECISE TIME
  
  
  
  

  

  
  
  
  
  
  
• in for MONTHS, YEARS, CENTURIES and LONG PERIODS
  
• on for DAYS and DATES
  
  
  
  
  
  

at	in	on
PRECISE TIME	MONTHS, YEARS, CENTURIES and LONG PERIODS	DAYS and DATES
at 3 o'clock	in May	on Sunday
at 10.30am	in summer	on Tuesdays
at noon	in the summer	on 6 March
at dinnertime	in 1990	on 25 Dec. 2010
at bedtime	in the 1990s	on Christmas Day
at sunrise	in the next century	on Independence Day
at sunset	in the Ice Age	on my birthday
at the moment	in the past/future	on New Year's Eve

Look at these examples:

• I have a meeting at 9am.
  
• The shop closes at midnight.
  
• Jane went home at lunchtime.
  
• In England, it often snows in December.
  
• Do you think we will go to Jupiter in the future?
  
• There should be a lot of progress in the next century.
  
• Do you work on Mondays?
  
• Her birthday is on 20 November.
  
• Where will you be on New Year's Day?
  

 
Notice the use of the preposition of time at in the following standard expressions:

Expression	Example
at night	The stars shine at night.
at the weekend	I don't usually work at the weekend.
at Christmas/Easter	I stay with my family at Christmas.
at the same time	We finished the test at the same time.
at present	He's not home at present. Try later.

 
Notice the use of the prepositions of time in and on in these common expressions:

in	on
in the morning	on Tuesday morning
in the mornings	on Saturday mornings
in the afternoon(s)	on Sunday afternoons
in the evening(s)	on Monday evening

 
When we say last, next, every, this we DO NOT use at, in, on.

• I went to London last June. (not in last June)
  
• He's coming back next Tuesday. (not on next Tuesday)
  
• I go home every Easter. (not at every Easter)
  
• We'll call you this evening. (not in this evening)
  

 

Prepositions of Place: at, in, on

In general, we use:

• at for a POINT
  
• in for an ENCLOSED SPACE
  
• on for a SURFACE
  

at	in	on
POINT	ENCLOSED SPACE	SURFACE
at the corner	in the garden	on the wall
at the bus stop	in London	on the ceiling
at the door	in France	on the door
at the top of the page	in a box	on the cover
at the end of the road	in my pocket	on the floor
at the entrance	in my wallet	on the carpet
at the crossroads	in a building	on the menu
at the front desk	in a car	on a page

Look at these examples:

• Jane is waiting for you at the bus stop.
  
• The shop is at the end of the street.
  
• My plane stopped at Dubai and Hanoi and arrived in Bangkok two hours late.
  
• When will you arrive at the office?
  
• Do you work in an office?
  
• I have a meeting in New York.
  
• Do you live in Japan?
  
• Jupiter is in the Solar System.
  
• The author's name is on the cover of the book.
  
• There are no prices on this menu.
  
• You are standing on my foot.
  
• There was a "no smoking" sign on the wall.
  
• I live on the 7th floor at 21 Oxford Street in London.
  

Notice the use of the prepositions of place at, in and on in these standard expressions:

at	in	on
at home	in a car	on a bus
at work	in a taxi	on a train
at school	in a helicopter	on a plane
at university	in a boat	on a ship
at college	in a lift (elevator)	on a bicycle, on a motorbike
at the top	in the newspaper	on a horse, on an elephant
at the bottom	in the sky	on the radio, on television
at the side	in a row	on the left, on the right
at reception	in Oxford Street	on the way

WH Question 

We use question to ask certain types of questions (question word questions). 

We often refer to them as WH words because they include the letters WH (for example Why, How).

Question Word	Function	Example
what	asking for information about something	What is your name?
	asking for repetition or confirmation	What? I can't hear you. You did what?
what...for	asking for a reason, asking why	What did you do that for?
when	asking about time	When did he leave?
where	asking in or at what place or position	Where do they live?
which	asking about choice	Which colour do you want?
who	asking what or which person or people (subject)	Who opened the door?
whom	asking what or which person or people (object)	Whom did you see?
whose	asking about ownership	Whose are these keys? Whose turn is it?
why	asking for reason, asking what...for	Why do you say that?
why don't	making a suggestion	Why don't I help you?
how	asking about manner	How does this work?
	asking about condition or quality	How was your exam?
how + adj/adv	asking about extent or degree	see examples below
how far	distance	How far is Pattaya from Bangkok?
how long	length (time or space)	How long will it take?
how many	quantity (countable)	How many cars are there?
how much	quantity (uncountable)	How much money do you have?
how old	age	How old are you?
how come (informal)	asking for reason, asking why	How come I can't see her?

EXAMPLE:

                                        Teacher:  What is this?
                                         Students: It is an apple teacher....!
                                         Teacher: Clever! well done children!

Prepared by:

Miss Adi_0952094

Indefinite pronouns

Indefinite Pronouns

• Most indefinite pronouns are either singular or plural. 

• Some of them can be singular in one context and plural in another. 

• The most common indefinite pronouns are listed below, with examples, as singular, plural or singular/plural.

• Notice that a singular pronoun takes a singular verb AND that any personal pronoun should also agree (in number and gender). 

• Look at these examples:

• Each of the players has a doctor.
• I met two girls. One has given me her phone number.

Similarly, plural pronouns need plural agreement:

• Many have expressed their views.

pronoun	meaning	example
singular
another	an additional or different person or thing	That ice-cream was good. Can I have another?
anybody/anyone	no matter what person	Can anyone answer this question?
anything	no matter what thing	The doctor needs to know if you have eaten anything in the last two hours.
each	every one of two or more people or things, seen separately	Each has his own thoughts.
either	one or the other of two people or things	Do you want tea or coffee? / I don't mind. Either is good for me.
enough	as much or as many as needed	Enough is enough.
everybody/everyone	all people	We can start the meeting because everybody has arrived.
everything	all things	They have no house or possessions. They losteverything in the earthquake.
less	a smaller amount	"Less is more" (Mies van der Rohe)
little	a small amount	Little is know about his early life.
much	a large amount	Much has happend since we met.
neither	not one and not the other of two people or things	I keep telling Jack and Jill butneither believes me.
nobody/no-one	no person	I phoned many times butnobody answered.
nothing	no single thing, not anything	If you don't know the answer it's best to say nothing.
one	an unidentified person	Can one smoke here? | All the students arrived but now one is missing.
other	a different person or thing from one already mentioned	One was tall and the other was short.
somebody/someone	an unspecified or unknown person	Clearly somebody murdered him. It was not suicide.
something	an unspecified or unknown thing	Listen! I just heard something! What could it be?
you	an unidentified person (informal)	And you can see why.
plural
both	two people or things, seen together	John likes coffee but not tea. I think both are good.
few	a small number of people or things	Few have ever disobeyed him and lived.
fewer	a reduced number of people or things	Fewer are smoking these days.
many	a large number of people or things	Many have come already.
others	other people; not us	I'm sure that others have tried before us.
several	more than two but not many	They all complained and severalleft the meeting.
they	people in general (informal)	They say that vegetables are good for you.
singular or plural
all	the whole quantity of something or of some things or people	All is forgiven. All have arrived.
any	no matter how much or how many	Is any left? Are any coming?
more	a greater quantity of something; a greater number of people or things	There is more over there. More are coming.
most	the majority; nearly all	Most is lost. Most have refused.
none	not any; no person or persons	They fixed the water so why isnone coming out of the tap? I invited five friends but nonehave come.*
some	an unspecified quantity of something; an unspecified number of people or things	Here is some. Some have arrived.
such	of the type already mentioned	He was a foreigner and he felt that he was treated as such.

Prepared by:
Miss Adi_0952094

Reflexive and Intensive Pronouns

Reflexive Pronouns

reflexive (adj.) [grammar]: reflecting back on the subject, like a mirror

• We use a reflexive pronoun when we want to refer back to the subject of the sentence or clause. 

• Reflexive pronouns end in "-self" (singular) or "-selves" (plural).

There are eight reflexive pronouns:

	reflexive pronoun
singular	myself yourself himself, herself, itself
plural	ourselves yourselves themselves

Further your understanding children:)

Look at these examples:

	reflexive pronouns
the underlined words are NOT the same person/thing	the underlined words are the SAME person/thing
John saw me.	I saw myself in the mirror.
Why does he blame you?	Why do you blame yourself?
David sent him a copy.	John sent himself a copy.
David sent her a copy.	Mary sent herself a copy.
My dog hurt the cat.	My dog hurt itself.
We blame you.	We blame ourselves.
Can you help my children?	Can you help yourselves?
They cannot look after the babies.	They cannot look after themselves.

Prepared by:

Miss Adi_0952094